Shaping Special Education Essay Example for Free

Shaping Special Education Essay The history of American special education has taken a long, ever-evolving journey to get to the place it is today. Marilyn Friend (2008) discusses how in the early twentieth century students were still not accepted into public schools. Students who had physical or mental disabilities were placed into separate classes, made up entirely of students with disabilities. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century students with a wide range of disabilities were enrolled in special education classes. Over the past century, various court cases have defined how special education has changed. In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education, gave way to questions about whether or not separating special education students from the general education population was appropriate or not. Some people believed that taking students out of the classroom gave them a label for their disability and therefore was discriminatory towards students, rather than helpful in providing services they needed to make them successful. (Friend, 2008, p. 47) Not only did educators become advocators for children’s with disabilities, so did parents. The Mills v. Board of Education (1972) sparked the determination of providing special education services for students. In response to various lawsuits against the Board of Education legislation created mandates to ensure the rights for students with disabilities. Structure of Special Education Parents continued to push for the rights of children, as well as congress. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 were laws that provided funding to states to assist them in creating and improving programs and services for children with disabilities. The Education for All Handicapped children Act in 1974 was created to allow full educational opportunities for students with disabilities. In 1986, the federal special education law was changed to include services for infants and young children. (Friend, 2008, p. 49) In 1990, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was changed to Individual with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and more disabilities were added. The most recent change was in 2004 when provisions were added to help resolve disputes between parents, as well as the requirement for student instruction to be taught using evidence-based practices. Federal law forced educators to change their view of special education students and how to best serve their needs in the school environment. Also in 2004, President Bush and Congress wanted IDEA to align with No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 so that schools would be held accountable for making sure students with disabilities achieve high standards (Friend, 2008, p. 68). Jill Hockenbury (2000) pointed out that special education is a key part of the public education system but that there are still challenges in special education today. Critical changes that are needed in special education include constructing a defensible philosophy of education, providing effective and intensive instruction, and improving the quality of teacher training. These changes are still being worked on today. The needs of children today are demanding that teachers provide effective instruction, that’s meaningful and allows the teacher to reach all levels of development in one classroom. Trends and Issues Quality teacher training is also one of the biggest challenges facing special education and relates directly to a key topic heard a lot about in special education, which is inclusion. Inclusion centers on the belief that students with a disability should be allowed to be a part of the general education classroom. However, inclusion is difficult because of the requirement of the general education teacher. The general education teacher should be able to meet the needs of the students in his or her classroom, which can be difficult depending on the students needs. However, inclusion states that students should be in the classroom full time, receiving instruction the same as non-disabled peers, and there should be no need for pull-out. In some cases, members of a child’s IEP team may not agree on the appropriate environment for a student. With increased opportunities for teachers to have training with research-based methods and strategies, this area should be able to improve in the future. Researchers have stated that inclusion is beneficial to both students with disabilities, and those without disabilities. A study done investigating perceptions of learning of nearly 5,000 kindergarten students through 12th grade revealed that students with disabilities wanted to learn the same material, use the same books, and enjoy the same homework and grading practices as typical peers. (Friend, 2008, as cited in Klinger and Vaughn 1999) Other trends in special education include universal design for learning and differentiation. Universal design for learning (UDL) is the instructional approach that students with disabilities should have access to the curriculum. Along with UDL is the use of differentiated instruction (or differentiation) to explore the concepts of UDL further. Differentiation means that within one environment, students with multiple needs will have their needs met through various ways. UDL and differentiation should be utilized by general education teachers to meet the needs of their special education student. (Friend, 2008, p. 77) These trends are all key concepts in the world of special education. They all impact the way special education teachers should teach to meet the needs of all their students. Pat Beckman (2001) reiterated this fact stating that â€Å"improved student learning requires teachers, schools, and districts to give up unproductive traditions and beliefs, replacing them with validated practices and a full understanding of the intent of the law. † IDEA requires teachers to use â€Å"programs, interventions, strategies, and activities† that are researched based. (Friend, 2008, p. 63) As the needs of students increase, the resources provided need to increase, which is the responsibility of those providing the education. Special education has come very far since placing disabled students in their own separate classroom, but it still has a long way to go. There is much to be said about meeting the needs of special education students and reaching those administrators, parents, and educators who still do not have a full understanding of inclusion. References Beckman, Pat (2001), Access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children, retrieved May 28, 2012 from http://www. cec. sped. org/AM/Template. cfm? Section=HomeTEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay. cfmCONTENTID=5519 Friend, M.(2008). Special education: Contemporary perspectives for school professionals. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Hockenbury, J. C. , Kauffman, J. M. , Hallahan, D. P. (2000). What is right about special education. Exceptionality, 8(1), 3-11. Obiakor, F. E. (2011). Maximizing access, equity, and inclusion in general and special education. Journal Of The International Association Of Special Education, 12(1), 10-16. U. S. Department of Education (2007) Thirty Years of Progress in Educating Children With Disabilities Through IDEA, retrieved May 28, 2012 from http://www2. ed. gov/policy/speced/leg/idea/history30. html.

samy sosa :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person I am writing about is Sammy Sosa. As you may know, Sammy Sosa was one of the contenders in the home run race against Mark McGwire. McGwire won with 70 home runs while Sammy Sosa lost with 66 home runs. Even though Sammy Sosa lost he is still a very skilled player. In my report, I will describe Sammy’s life and career. I hope you enjoy it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuel Peralta Montero (Sammy’s birth name) was born in the county side of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic on Nov. 12 1968. You may be wondering why Sammy’s last name was Montero. Sammy’s father died when Sammy was only 6. The family had a lot of money when his father around. Unfortunately, one day his father got really sick, and started having bad migraines. They took him to the doctor, and the doctor said, â€Å"take him to the hospital in Santo Domingo†, but Sammy’s father refused to go. A few days later he had a another attack, and one of his fellow workers took him to the hospital. He was doing better after his family took him to the hospital, but the doctor told them that he would die in a couple of days. His family took him home so he could die in his own home. After he died Sammy†s last name was changed to Sosa. That was his mother’s maiden name. Sammy’s family changed drastically after his Father’s death. They didn’t have any money to buy food or clothes. So Sammy and his older brothers started to shine shoes, wash cars and beg for money. They didn’t get much business so the moved to Santo Domingo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a couple of years Sammy’s mother remarried to a man named Carlos Maria Peralta.Even after his mother got married they still continued to be poor. Sammy’s mother thought that Santo Domingo was to busy and had to many bad influences for the kids, so they moved to a town called San Pedro de Macoris. San Pedro wasn’t as busy as Santo Domingo, but it was busier than the county. It was Kind of in the middle of San Pedro and Santo Domingo. Sammy and his older brothers started to shine shoes again. There was one man that kept coming back again and again. His name was Bill Chase. Bill owned a show company in San Pedro. Bill saw how smart and persistent Sammy and his brothers

Behavioural Skills for Business Essay

When looking at what a manager should be doing and what Richard has been doing it is easy to see that he is struggling to properly understand what being a manager actually entails. While there have been many theorists over the years all trying to show what being a manager truly means I think that Rosemary Stewart’s theory fits Richards situation perfectly. Stewart recommended a three part classification for the analysis of jobs. She focused on; Job Demands – What you must do Job Choices – The freedoms you have. Job Constraints – The limit on what you can do. When looking at Job Demands you need to look at certain things; What routine job activities must not be neglected or delegated without a penalty being incurred. When looking at Richards situation you can see that Conflict There can be many causes of conflict within a business these can include; the formation of cliques; group pressure; patterns of communication; personality clashes; assumptions about others; misuse of authority; power tactics and manipulation; general expectations and beliefs; misunderstandings; understandable beliefs and assumptions. With regards to Carole’s situation the biggest causes of conflict are due to the fact that there were personality clashes between herself and Joanne due to the fact that they couldn’t work out a way to effectively to distribute the workload and then fell out due to â€Å"bitter words were exchanged†. It doesn’t help that the patterns of communication are weak within the company when she was put in charge, an example of this is when she found out that both Joanne and Ian had taken to leaving work early via an administration officer.

Effects of Pollution in China - 2709 Words

In the last two decades, the air pollution in China has increased substantially. The lack of good air quality is especially prominent in the more urban, industrialized areas of China. Environment Minister Zhou Shengxian warned, â€Å"If China meant to quadruple the size of its economy over 20 years without more damage, it would have to become more efficient in resource use. Otherwise, there would be a painful price to pay† (BBC News). The topic of air pollution is not a new concern to the world; however, the effects of air pollution, especially to the hundred of thousands of people directly or indirectly harmed by the side effects of â€Å"bad air,† should be of grave concern. According to the Ministry of Health, air pollution has made cancer the†¦show more content†¦As a result, it is estimated that three-quarters of the rivers running through Chinese cities are so polluted that they cannot be used for drinking or fishing. Even the infamous Yellow River is suf fering from man-made environmental problems. Once the countrys second biggest source of fresh water, the river is now so polluted that almost 70% is hazardous to drink; moreover, because the river has been the target for over-exploitation for many years, the water tends to dry up before it reaches the sea for almost a third of the year. According to the World Health Organization, reports estimate that diseases triggered by indoor and outdoor air pollution kill 656,000 Chinese citizens each year and polluted drinking water kills another 95,600 (Platt). The majority of the air pollution in China is generated by the burning of coal and fuel oil in order to generate electric power. They do not have that much hydropower, power that comes from the energy of massive moving water, to help with demand and supply and, therefore, rely on the burning of coal. Coal is a natural resource that is abundant in amount but requires a lot of manpower and miners to obtain it every year. Because of its population and carrying capacity, China burns more coal to produceShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution On China1973 Words   |  8 PagesIn December of 2015, China was faced with a â€Å"red alert† for air pollution. In an article from The New York Times titled â€Å"Smog So Thick, Beijing Comes to a Standstill,† Ed ward Wong stated, â€Å"For many residents, the red alert...underscored the devil’s handshake that China has made in recent years: the trading of a healthy living environment for breakneck economic growth.† There are many negative consequences of air pollution. Vaclav Smil’s â€Å"Environmental Degradation in China,† describes the variousRead MoreThe Pollution Of China And Its Effects On The Environment2054 Words   |  9 PagesAsia. The major country would be China. 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China began its rise to a modern global economic power in the 1980s, but never once had any strong, well-enforced environmental regulations until 2013. As unregulated factory and automobile use increased, China’s rates of pollutio n quickly surpassed that of the United States, leaving China much more affected byRead MorePollution Is A Serious Problem?1320 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1106 6 March 2016 pollution in china In the paper, I argue that what types of pollution in china by introducing the situation and problems in china. Following the development of economic and scientific, China is playing a very important role in the international arena. Increasing the number of people become rich. they can buy the new car, big house, and expensive clothes. In many people s opinions that China is becoming strong and rich. But they do not know China is also facing a seriousRead MoreChinese Economic Expansion And Increased Air Pollution1729 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Engl 108-006 11/03/2014 Chinese Economic Expansion and Increased Air Pollution In recent years, China has been experiencing unprecedented economic growth. Chinese prosperity has had negative side-effects, including extreme environmental pollution (Wong, 2014). What researchers call â€Å"ambient particulate matter pollution† was the fourth-leading risk factor for deaths in China, contributing to 1.2 million deaths in 2010. Construction, industrial waste and greenhouse gasses are the